Bell Ringer 4/25/12

1. They helped transport supplies and other things that the factories needed. Communication helped the ideas to spread faster.

2. The factory owners realized that they could pay women and children less money to work, so they started to get more jobs.

3. People started to move to bigger cities to work in factories instead of susistant farming.

4. The machinery made work easier and faster for people to do. To do their job they only needed to know how to operate the machinery.

5. Some inventions caused people to think of new ideas and to change and improve them.

Bell Ringer 4/24/12

I don't think that playing video games can influence someone to go on a shooting spree. I agree with the points that they made in the article. The person probably had other reasons for going on the shooting spree. The person needs to know the difference between video games and reality. Video games can't train you to kill people because he wouldn't have any experience.

Notes 4/11/12

- industrial society - based around industries
- factories become huge in the world of industry
- production became faster
- took people longer to learn how to make things by hand
- no longer have apprenticeships
- people were paid by how much they made each week, training time cut in half. they were paid based on how long they worked. had hourly work pay
- men were mostly the ones working, then women and children started working in factories
- could pay women and children less than men for working
-

Bell Ringer 4/16/12

I think that the most important invention invention of the industrial revolution was the cotton gin. It made work a lot faster. It carried out the work of 100 men and made it quicker to produce cotton to help make clothes. Before that it took longer to remove all of the seeds from the cotton.

Agriculture Inventions

Gang Plow

• It has 12-14 blades.
• It was invented by John Deere.
• It was invented in the 1870s.
• It was made of steel instead of wood.

Cast Iron Plow

• It was reinforced with metal and not wood.
• It was invented in 1875.
• Had three rows of teeth.

Spring Tooth Harrow

• It was used to smooth the ground.
• Invented in 1869.
• It loosened soil.
• It used levers.

Flying Shuttle

• Used for weaving
• doubled what a weaver could do daily.
• Helped produce more clothes.

Mold Board Plow

• Invented by the ancient chinese civilization
• It helped the crops
• It flipped the rich soil up
• Made with wood

Corn picker

• Made in 1850 by Edmund Quincy
• Helped pick corn quickly
• It pushed the corn

Combine

• Helped harvest crops
• Had removable heads
• It was invented in 1834

Cotton Gin

• removed seeds from cotton
• caused slavery to increase and not decrease
• Was invented in North Carolina
• machine carried out the work of 100 men

Notes - Agricultural & Industrial Revolutions

• Great Britain - England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland
• in the 1600s England had subsistance farming (farming of only what family needs)
• enclosure movement - England had common grounds, they started fencing common grounds off during movement. small farms were taken from families and enclosed in larger land and given to large farms.
• became tenant farmers or were forced to move if couldn't find work. farmers were looking for efficiency
• worried about amount of seed being wasted by hand seeding, so invented the seed drill. made harvest easier
• crop rotation - moved different crops to different places each year. rotate land that you grow crops on
• go from wooden plow to metal. they last longer and are stronger. created interchangeable plow. used to replace blades
• people start moving to cities and cause population to grow. go to find work but there is none. Great Britain, because of factors of production, they become leader of industrial revolution in Europe. had a lot of natural resources. 2 top resources - coal & iron ore
• 3 factors of production - natural resources, land, workers (labor)
• Great Britain also had water and rivers. helped with food, transportation, power/energy
• disadvantage of having factory on river - flooding, droughts
• rivers were crucial to spread of industrial revolution
• textile industry - clothing industry. everything done by hand before. now using machines
• thread loom - takes a roll of string and turns it into a sheet of cloth.
• steam engine - ways to power factories, boats, trains. people who live at bottom of country can go to top.

Test Questions

1. The Renaissance began in this city : Florence, Italy.
2. An interest in the classic is called - Liberalism
3. Who wrote the first modern biography? James Boswell
4. Who wrote The Prince? Niccolo Machiavelli.
5. Who created David? Michelangelo.
6. Where was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance?
7. Who painted the "Mona Lisa"? Leonardo Da Vinci
8. What was the famous family in Florence that ruled? the Medici family.
9. Donatello, Michelangelo, and Ghiberti were all what? Renaissance artists.
10. Who painted "The Last Supper"? Leonardo DaVinci.
11. Who painted the Sistine Chapel? Michelangelo.
12. Who invented the movable metal type? Johannes Gutenberg.
13. What is a French name for a castle? Chateau.
14. Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg are referred to as the __________________ countries. - Low Countries
15. In the Renaissance they began to paint with what? oil paints.
16. Who wrote the book, "Utopia"? Thomas More.
17. Who was a classical playwright whose works included Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet? William Shakespeare.
18. This is a change in the church's way of teaching and practicing Christianity -
19. Tickets issued by the church said to reduce the punishment for one's sins and even future sins - Indulgences.
20. Who believed in justification by faith? Martin Luther
21. Luther nailed these to the door of a Whitenburg chruch to protest the Catholic beliefs - 95 Theses
22. What was the first Protestant faith? Lutheranism
23. Who was the founder of Lutheranism? Martin Luther.
24. Who was the Swiss reformer? John Calvin
25. What is a church-run state called? theocracy 
26. Who wrote the institutes of Christian religion? John Calvin
27. Who was the founder of Calvinism? John Calvin.
28. What is it called when God determines the fate of every person? predestination
29. These people believed that only adults could be baptized -
30. Who was Henry's first wife? Catherine.
31. Who was Henry's second wife? Anne.
32. Who was Henry's third wife? Jane.
33. Who was Henry's fourth wife? Anne.
34. Who was Henry's fifth wife? Catherine.
35. Who was Henry's sixth wife? Catherine.
36. What happened to Henry's first wife? divorced.
37. What happened to Henry's second wife? beheaded.
38. What happened to Henry's third wife? died.
39. What happened to Henry's fourth wife? divorced.
40. What happened to Henry's fifth wife? beheaded.
41. What happened to Henry's sixth wife? survived.
42. Why did Henry VIII get married so many times? He wanted to have a son, so he would have an heir to the throne.
43. Name Henry's children : Mary, Elizabeth, Edward
44. Who became head of the church during Henry VIII's reign?
45. The inquisition was brought about to restore whose authority?
46. This was a change by the Catholic Church -
47. Who was the founder of the Jesuits? Ignatius of Loyola
48. What was the name of the society of Jesus? Jerusalem.
49. The main job of the Jesuits was to be?
50. The qualities of being merciful, trustworthy, humane, religious, and honest were the qualities of a good person according to whom? Niccolo Machiavelli

John Calvin

• Born July 10, 1509 in France. He died in 1564
• was a french reformer & theologian
• wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion
• When Calvin was 28, he moved to Geneva, Switzerland
• he created Calvinism
• Calvinism was based around the absolute power and supremacy of God.

Robert Hooke

• an English philosopher & architect
• born in July of 1635.
• Helped rebuild London after the great fire
• Last of 4 children
• developed the compound microscope

Niccolo Machiavelli

• father of modern political theory
• Wrote "The Prince"
• was unfairly attacked his whole life

Chistopher Columbus

• an italian spanish navigator. sailed west across atlantic ocean
• didn't mean to discover the americas
• travelled to Carribean Sea, explored, and claimed land for Spain

Galiliei

• well known musician
• made a telescope
• found jupiter's 4 moons
• observed Venus for a while
• became blind
• born in 1464
• first to record sun spots

Johannes Gutenburg

• german blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher.
• introduced printing to Europe
• invented the moveable printing press, known as a very important event
• major work - Gutenburg bible
• born in 1398

Leonardo Da Vinci

• Painted the Last Supper
• created designs for airplanes
• invented and sketched early tanks and cars

Michelangelo

• was an italian painter and sculptor
• painted celing of the Sistine Chapel
• was very well known

Miguel de Cervantes

• born in 1547, the son of a surgeon
• died in 1616
• studied literature and philosophy in Italy
• enlisted as a soldier in Naples in 1570
• Spanish novelist, poet, and playwrighter.
• wrote the "Don Quixode"
• Named the "The Prince of Wits"

Aretmisla Gentileschi

• Born in 1593 in Rome
• died in 1652
• painted pictures of strong women including a self portrait
• Italian painter

Thomas More

• born in 1478. died in July 1635
• known as Saint Thomas More
• english lawyer, philosopher
• wrote "Utopia"

Martin Luther

• born in 1483
• wrote the 95 Theses
• participated in a German Catholic church

Prince Henry of Portugal

• nickname - Henry the navigator
• the 3rd child
• established center of navigation & exploration

Louise Labe

• born in early 1520s
• wrote 24 sonnets
• born to a rope maker
• 1566 - died from plague
• author who encouraged women to write books

Filippo Brunelleschi

• renaissance architect and engineer
• designed and built dome for Florence cathedral

Ambrose Pare

• born in 1510 in France
• served as a surgeon apprentice
• served in war
• wrote a book about sea devils. published in 1573
• faith is unknown
• first person to tie an artery
• surgeon who invented bandages

Peter Brueghell

• renaissance painter
• known for landscapes and peasant scenes
• painted The Peasant Dance, a painting that relies on detail and realism

William Shakespeare

• wrote the play "Romeo & Juliet" among many others

Nicolaus Copernicus

• published the theory that the earth was not the center of the universe

Andreas Vesalius

• published detailed descriptions of the human anatomy

Jane Seymour

     Jane Seymour was the mother of King Edward the sixth. She was also the third wife of King Henry the eighth. Jane was the daughter of one of the king's knights. In Henry's attempt to win Jane, he sent her a love letter and a purse. However, Jane sent the purse back along with a touching message.  She was the first and only wife to provide King Henry the eighth with the proper male heir. Jane was unable to recover from the birth and died twelve days later.

Chapter 15 Notes - Section 2

• Johannes Gutenburg - famous for printing press. 1st thing printed - bible
• Desiderius Erasmus - wrote "The Praise of Folly"
• Thomas More - writer. wrote "Utopia" - (your perfect society, different for every person). wrote about the perfect government. believed everyone was treated the same. didn't support King Henry the 8th.
• William Shakespeare - wrote "Romeo & Juliet" "Hamlet" "Macbeth"
• Flemish - people from Finland. first to paint with oils on canvas.

Niccolò Machiavelli

     I was born in the beautiful city of Florence, Italy on May 3, 1469. My whole life I had always been very interested in politics and patriotism. I remember one of my first political experiences was watching Savanarola from afar, but that was a very long time ago. When Savanarola was executed I made the decision to enter the Florentine government as a secretary. Soon after that, I was already engaging in diplomatic missions.
     In my life I met many important politicians such as the Pope and the King of France, but it was Cesare Borgia that made the biggest impact on my life. He was a prince of the Papal States and a very cruel man. I never did like his policies, but I thought that with a ruler like him he could unite Italy. That was one of my main goals in life.
     When the Medici came to rule Florence I was dismissed from office. I couldn't stand being away from politics though because I loved my job so much. I thought of many different ways that I could try to convince the Medici to give me my place back in the office. Eventually I decided to write a book titled "The Prince". They didn't agree with my book though and the public were outraged by it. However, I continued to write other various books about politics.
     One year the Medici was finally kicked out of Florenc so I decided to run for office again. The reputation that I had with the people in the city prevented me from being elected. They just didn't understand that what I was trying to do would be the best for them. I just wanted to make a change in Florence. Everyone just thought of me as cold and uncaring. When my health started to fail me I knew I wasn't fit to run for office anymore. That was pretty much the end of my career.
    
    

Notes on Chapter 15 Section 1

• renaissance - rebirth
• renaissance started in Florence, Italy
• Medici family started renaissance movement. Lorenzo Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent)
• humanists - someone who returns to classics and studies them
• artists - Italian artists relied on perspective for paintings, made art life like
• Michelangelo - great painter & sculptor, most famous painting - Sistine Chapel (located in Vatican City) He signed the Pieta (Virgin Mary holding body of Jesus)
• Da Vinci - painter, sculptor, scientist, engineer. famous painting - Mona Lisa (people aren't sure who she is) eyebrows missing on Mona Lisa. other famous painting - The Last Supper
• Rafael - Madonnas - paintings or sculptors of Virgin Mary
• Titian - assumption of Virgin Mary
• writers -
• Petrarch - known for love poems, wrote them to Laura.
• Machiavelli - florentine writer, wrote "The Prince".
• "Is better to be feared than loved or loved than feared?" As a person, as a leader.
• I think that it is better to be loved than feared. If you are feared you will be very lonely and not have many friends because everyone would be afraid of you. If you are loved then you will have a better life and many people will want to be around you.

Notes on Chapter 14

• The Black Death swept through Europe in 1347, which was a terrible plague.
• Plague began in Asia and spread along busy trade routes.
• It entered ports by way of trading ships, black rats on the ship carried the disease.
• Plague spread to people by bites from fleas on the rats.
• Deaths happened rapidly. Some entire villages and towns were wiped out.
• About 25 million people died in Europe from 1347-1351 (1/3 of population).
• Caused changes - faith in God shaken, workers demand higher wages, peasants staged uprisings.

• Geoffrey Chaucer - a midieval writer. Had great influences on literary styles and approaches.
• Chauncer born in England about 1340. Fought in France for about 10 years, served as diplomat thoughtout western Europe.
• The Canterbury Tales - one of most famous works, stories told from pilgrims
• Wrote in dialect known as Middle English. Later writers followed his example.
• vernacular languages - everyday speech that varied from place to place, spoken by people with little education.
• troubadours - traveling singers who wrote poems about love and chivilary.
• Dante Alighieri - a great medieval writer
• scholasticism - attempt to bring together faith and reason
• Peter Abelard - important philosopher of scholasticism
• Thomas Aquinas - monk of Dominican order
• gothic - a style of church architecture

Hundred Year's War

• Hundred Year's War - series of conflicts between England & France
• 1328 - last male member of France's Capetian dynasty died
• Edward III claimed French throne
• 1337 - Edward brought an army to Flanders hoping to gain control of rich trading area
• Wars continued for 116 years as a series of raids and battles
• England won many battles but lost war
• 1453 - France controlled all of England's French lands except Calais.
• 1415 - Battle of Agincourt
• late 1300s - king needed Parliament's consent on all special taxes.

February Black History Month

Jackie Joyner-Kersee

•  Was born on March 3, 1962 in East St. Louis, Illinois.
• She was a track and basketball star in high school.
• Jackie got an athletic scholarship to UCLA where she earned a B.A. in history.
• She won a silver medal in the heptathlon in the 1884 Olympics. 
• In the 1988 and 1992 games, she won gold medals. 

Sojourner Truth

• She was born into slavery in Ulster County, New York. 
• She spoke out against racial oppression that she had endured throughout her childhood.
• In 1850 she published "The Narrative of Sojourner Truth".
• She became a itinerant preacher and traveled around New England.
• By 1851 she was active in the suffrage movement.

Mae Jemison

• Mae C. Jemison was an astronaut and physician who was born on October 17, 1956.
• She was the first African American woman ever admitted into the astronaut training program.
• On September 12, 1992 she flew into space with six other astronauts on the Endeavour.
• She conducted experiments on weightlessness and motion sickness.
• Mae spent slightly over 190 hours in space.

Clarence Thomas

• Clarence Thomas was born on June 23, 1948 in Pin Point, Georgia.
• For the first few years of his life he lived in a one room shack with dirt floors.
• He was a U.S. Supreme Court justice.
• In 1979, he moved to Washington D.C. and became a legislative assistant.
• In 1982 he became the chairman of the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Langston Hughes

• He was a famous writer.
• His parents soon separated after he was born on February 1, 1902.
• One of his famous poems were "Shakespeare in Harlem".
• He graduated from high school in Cleveland, Ohio in 1920.
• In his senior year of high school he was chosen as class poet and yearbook editor.

Benjamin Banneker

• He was the son of two freed slaves.
• He was called the "first African American inventor".
• After his parents died, he taught astronomy through borrowed books.
• Benjamin grew up on a tobacco farm.
• Benjamin grew up in Maryland.

Marcus Garvey

• He was the first to forcefully articulate the concept of African nationalism.
• Marcus was born in Jamaica on August 17, 1887.
• At the age of 14 he became an apprentice in the printing trade.
• In 1903 he went to Kingston to work as a printer.
• He published a periodical called the Watchman.

George Washington Carter

• He started his life as a slave and ended it as a respected and world-reowned agricultural chemist.
• George Washington Carver became the kidnap victim of night riders.
• He had responsibility for his own education.
• He wished to become an artist.
• He attended Simpson College.

Colin Powell

• Colin Luther Powell served as a national security adviser to Ronald Reagan.
• In 2001 he was confirmed as the Secretary of State.
• He was born in Harlem, New York City.
• In 1962 he met and marrie Alma Vivian Johnson.
• In 1987 he replaced Carlucci as national security adviser.

Michael Jordan

• He played for the University of North Carolina from 1982 - 1984.
• In 1991, 1992, and 1993, he led the Bulls to NBA championships and was the league's most valuable player in 1991 and 1992.
• He was born on February 17, 1963 in Brooklyn, New York.
• He played for the 1984 U.S. Olympic team.
• In 1998, he led the Bulls to their sixth NBA title of the decade.

Dred Scott

• He waged one of the most important legal battles in the history of the United States.
• Dred Scott was born a slave in Southampton County, Virginia in 1795.
• He was employed as a farmhand, stevedore, craftsman, and general handyman.
• In 1832 he was sold for $500 to a surgeon in the U.S. Army.
• Later the surgeon returned with Scott to Missouri.

William Edward Burghardt

• He was the founder and secretary of the Niagra movement.
• Burghardt was part of CRISIS.
• His funeral marked a phenomenon
• William had two children.
• On August 27, 1963 he died.

Muhammad Ali

• He was born on January 17, 1942
• He won 100 out of 108 matches.
• Muhammad Ali was the father of nine children.
• He had parkinsons syndrome.
• When he was 12 he began boxing.

Duke Ellington

• At the age of seven he began piano lessons.
• He was a famous pianist.
• On July 2, 1918 he was married.
• In 1930 he was separated from his wife.
• At one point in his life he had a band with 18 members.

Marshall Thurgood

• He was born on July 2, 1908.
• He was a lawyer, jurist, and associate justice.
• He went to Howard University.
• In his life he won 29 out of 32 civil cases.
• He practiced in Baltimore until 1938.

Whoopi Goldberg

• She was in the movie the The Color Purple.
• She won the Bay Area Threatre Award for her portrayal of comedienne Moms Mabley in a one-woman show.
• She was an actress and comedienne.
• She married her drug counselor and had a son.
• She has hosted the academy awards three different times.

Ida Bell Wells-Barnett

• Many of her friends that were businessmen were killed and their businesses were destroyed by whites.
• She was an African American journalist.
• Many of her brothers and sisters died of yellow fever.
• She was forcably thrown out of a first class car by a conductor while traveling to school.
• She joined a literary society in Memphis.
  

Nursery Rhyme Project

6 slide powerpoint
1-3 - history of nursery rhyme
1-2 - line by line summary of nursery rhyme.
have 2 pictures on every slide
3 - want advertisement
4-6 - pick another historical event and make a nursery rhymee

Facts about Technology

• None of these sites existed 6 years ago - Facebook, Myspace, YouTube
• Wikepedia launched in 2001.
• 93% of adults own cell phones.
• They are currently preparing kids for jobs they didn't know existed.
• Many of today's college majors didn't exist 10 years ago.
• More than 70% of four year olds have computers.
• The number of text messages sent today exceeds the number of people on the planet.
• Today's 21 year olds have watched 20,000 hours of television.
• The top 10 in demand jobs for 2010 didn't exist in 2004.
• There are over 200 million people registered on Myspace.
• There are 31 billion searches on Google every month.
• The 1st commercial text message was sent in December of 1992.

Crusades Notes

     The Crusades were a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land. At least 10,000 Europeans took up the cause. Seljug Turks were Muslim people from Central Asia. The Latin word, cruciata, means "marked with a cross." Crusaders were known as the people who sewed a cross made of cloth on their clothes. Some people believed that if they died on the crusade, they would go straight to heaven while others went to gain land and wealth. Some merchants saw a chance to make money and some people went to save souls.

     The 1st Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1099 and many French and Italian lords led armies of crusaders from Europe to Constantinople. Emperors allowed the crusaders to pass through Constantinople to their target city which was Jerusalem. After a series of vicious battles the crusaders captured Jerusalem. While doing this they slaughtered many of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. European customs and institutions were put into place in parts of southwest Asia and the Holy Land. The crusaders set up four small states. Christians and Muslims grew to respect each other. Many Europeans adopted Eastern customs and began to wear Eastern clothes and eat Eastern foods. For almost 100 years, European Christians held on to Palestine. The Turks then won back their lost lands. Popes and European rulers tried to stop them during the three major crusades.


     By 1146 the Turks had united their forces and in 1147 the 2nd crusade began. The Turks began taking back cities that the crusaders had captured. King Louis VII of France & German king Conrad III led separate armies across Europe. Then in 1149 the crusaders returned to Europe in disgrace. In 1187 the Muslim leader, Saladin, gained control of Jerusalem.

     The 3rd crusade lasted from 1189 to 1192. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England led separate armies. Barbarossa drowned on the way to Holy Land so his army turned back. Richard couldn't capture Jerusalem so he then settled for a truce with Saladin. They allowed Christians to enter Jerusalem freely.

     Pope Innocent III gathered a group of French knights for the 4th Crusade. In 1202 they left on ships and in 1204 the crusaders attacked and looted Constantinople. They stole many things that were holy to the Byzantine Christians. Constantinople remained under western European control for about 60 years. In 1453 the Turks seized Constantinople. In 1212 the Children's Crusade took place. The Crusades continued until 1291 when the Muslims captured the city of Acre. The crusades ended when the Muslims controlled Palestine. The crossbow was the weapon of choice for European soldiers. In 1096 to 1291 the crusaders traveled through the Holy Land.

Vow of Silence

     The vow of silence was harder than I had expected. I didn't really like the activity. It was hard to not talk to people when you had to work in groups with them. If we would have been assigned more individual work, then it would have been easier. I may be a very quiet person, but not talking is still hard for me. It's hard when someone asks you a question and you can't just use your voice to answer them.
     If I had to take the vow of silence for the whole day I don't think I could do it. It would be too hard to not talk to anyone for a whole day. I wouldn't want to just waste one of the days of my life not talking. My day would probably be very complicated and challenging.
     I have learned from this assignment that people take talking for granted. Some people can't talk at all. I also learned that I can go an hour and a half without talking. Using your voice for talking is just so much easier though.
     To complete the activities, we had to write a lot of notes. It made communicating without talking a lot easier. If you had a lot of things to say it would be hard to write it all down. Not talking definitely takes a lot of time and patience to understand what people are trying to say. If everyone knew sign language though, that would be another way of communicating.
    

Notes

Bathing -

• People bathed once a month.
• People only had one outfit, wore same clothes every day
• Used lavendar flowers and mint in water for cleaning. Used to keep fleas away because they had a lot of animals and straw in their houses.

Chairman -

• The word chairman comes from the Middle Ages where a house only had one chair for the exclusive use of the man of the family.

Sleeping -

• At night time people would pile onto a mattress, a lump of straw on the floor. The whole family slept in same bed (Mom, Dad, Sisters, Brothers). If an animal was friendly they may sleep in the same bed to keep you warm.

Troubadours -

• Traveled from town to town "singing for their supper".
• His songs were often about love or the glory of kings.
• Would strum a lute or guitar.

• Anglo-Saxon concept started when Anglos and Saxons combined.
• Shires - people who would go around and collect taxes
• Alfred the Great - first Anglo-Saxon king
• Edward the Confessor - last Anglo-Saxon king.
• War started when Edward the Confessor died because two people wanted throne.
• William the Duke wanted throne & Harold who was the brother in law.
• William was Edward's cousin but he was from Normandy, France.
• One of top battles of world history - Battle of Hastings.
• William the Duke won battle against Harold.
• William given nickname "William The Conqueror"
• When William took throne he wanted to get things done. First to collect a census since Roman times.
• Census was used to tax people on how much stuff they had (people, animals, things)
• Took all of info from census and put it all together into a book.
• Book was called Domesday Book, nicknamed the Doomsday Book
• When William died his son, Henry the first, replaced him.
• Henry the Second replaced  them.
• Henry the Second doesn't want to be like his father but he wants to be more like William the Conqueror. Henry II doesn't like the way the churches are run. His friend, Thomas Becket comes over to his house to talk about the churches. They both start disagreeign about things. Thomas storms out and Henry wishes him dead. The knights overheard him say that and took it as their duty to go kill him. They travel to Canterbury and stab him multiple times on Christmas Eve. Henry falls apart and feels horrible. He later becomes a saint.
• Henry II's son John succeeds him. He goes to war with a lot of people.
• John taxed people very high in England.
• People met at Runnyadme and came up with one of greatest documents in history, Magna Carta.
• 1215 - King John forced to sign Magna Carta.
• Magna Carta protected liberties of nobles and the rights of the people in England. It made the law the supreme power in England. It's original purpose was to limit the king's powers. Included concepts such as church freedom, trial by jury, freedom from taxation without cause & consent, & due process of law. If king didn't abide to Magna Carta then people would revolt and overthrow him.

Pop-Up Book Notes

- Lindsey - Bosnia

• Bosnia's government is a democracy.
• Toys in Bosnia are very poorly made.
• There's no preschool or elementary school education in Bosnia and kids start school around ages six or seven.
• The country has a rich literary system.
• Ramadan is one of the main holidays that they celebrate.

- Shania - Peru

• In Peru, the main language they speak is Latin.
• Some of the main ingredients in their food are rice and chicken.
• The children there enjoy playing with marbles.
• Most games that they play there are the sports we play in America.
• They wear a mix of European and Hispanic clothes there.

- Faith - Brazil

• The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.
• It's the only country in South America that doesn't speak Spanish.
• One quarter of the kids in Brazil don't attend school.
• Brazil has a president in their country.
• Brazil's culture is very diverse and they have many festivals there.

- Caleb - Zimbabwe

• The main language is English but they speak various languages there.
• They have a parliamentary democracy with a president and vice president.
• One famous author is Charles Magnate.
• Independence Day is April 18th.
• They have primary and secondary schools.

- Mark - Greece

• 99% of the population speaks Greek.
• One famous author in Greece is Socrates.
• One of the most famous children's stories was The Tortoise and The Hair written by Aesop.
• The leader of Greece is their prime minister.
• One of the main dishes is baked lamb and potatoes.

- John - Spain

• Spanish is the main language in Spain.
• Most kids over there are like here in the United States. They play sports and video games.
• They have multiple varieties of beans.
• Their government is a constitutional monarchy and is ruled by a prime minister.
• In 711 Muslims invaded Spain.

- Hannah - Portugal

• They speak Portuguese there.
• The population is 10,360,300.
• One poem they have that children like is Fly Ladybug Fly.
• Portuguese people like to eat custard as desserts.
• Independence Day in Portugal is April 25th.

- Haley - Switzerland

• In Switzerland the main language they speak is Swedish.
• The capital of Switzerland is Bernie.
• The common dish would consist of meatballs.
• Most children go to public schools and go to school for twelve years.
• Most schools require students to wear uniforms.

- Samantha - Morocco

• They speak Arabic and the capital is Rabid.
• They have 28 letters in their alphabet.
• People there go to
• High school for three years.
• They start teaching French in 3rd grade and go to school 30 hours a week.
• In Morocco they make their own toys.

- Madori - Germany

• The capital of Germany is Berlin.
• The main language of Germany is German; however they do speak other languages.
• One of their famous authors is Herman Hess.
• A thumb toy is one famous children's toy there.
• Octoberfest and St. Nicolas Day are two favorite holidays in Germany.

- Krista - Barbados

• The main language they speak is English.
• Kids there play with chalk and jump rope.
• Folk songs are passed down from generation.
• They use local resources and spices to cook traditional recipes.
• Independence Day there is November 30th.

- Kristen - Japan

• In Japan, the language most people speak is Japan.
• Japan is one of the best educated countries.
• Their government is a constitutional monarchy.
• Kites are a popular toy in Japan.
• One popular children's story there is The Little Fox.

- Taylor - Fiji

• Most children's stories told there are about life and happiness.
• Their cuisine includes fish, meat, vegetables, and fruit.
• They say you are not supposed to wear hats in the village.
• If you want to go to school in Fiji, it would cost a lot of money.
• Fiji has many beautiful beaches and tourist attractions.

- Raychel - Italy

• People in Italy speak Italian.
• One famous children's book there is "Clap Your Hands".
• Toys in Italy are very similar to the ones here.
• Their government is a republic.
• They use many ingredients in their foods that they grow such as olives and peppers.

- Karlie - Egypt

• The capital is Pyra and they speak Arabic.
• You are supposed to greet people there with a hand shake.
• Their government has been a republic since 1953.
•  January 6th is Christmas Eve.
• They have private, religious schools there.

- Paige - Argentina

• Their official language there is Spanish.
• "The Magic Bean Tree" is one of the many famous children books from that country.
• Young children in Argentina play with a lot of the same toys that we do.
• Their government is a republic and their president is a woman.
• Lunch is the biggest meal of the day for them.

- Katara - France

• The capital city is Paris.
• They have a lot of the same books and nursery rhymes as us.
• Kids play a lot of sports there.
• They have toy libraries where kids can check out toys.
• In 1858 their constitution was signed.

- Gunnar - Thailand

• They have a unitary parliamentary democracy.
• Their government was a monarchy until 1932.
• Education is free until the age of seventeen.
• Thailand has one of the highest literacy rates in the world.
• The language they speak is baht.

- Dale - Panama

• The capital is Panama City.
• Most people's religion is Roman Catholic.
• Their government is a constitutional republic.
• They celebrate Christmas like we do here.
• They have elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools.

- Courtney - Scotland

• They spell things a little differently than they do here in the United States.
• Children in Scotland play with toy cars, marbles, dolls, and other various things.
• Most people only go to school there until the age of 16.
• One of the most popular nursery rhyme is "Count The Stars."
• The capital is Edenburg.

- Josh - United Kingdom

• The capital city of the United Kingdom is England.
• One of the most popular authors there is J.K. Rowling.
• "London Bridges Falling Down" was written about the fall of the London Bridge.
• A popular sport they play there is cricket.
• Their queen is Queen Elizabeth II.

- Viola - Ireland

• The language they use in Ireland is Irish.
• Children's games in Ireland are very similar to ones here in the United States.
• They have a parliamentary democracy.
• Most of the people in Ireland eat international foods.
• Most of the subjects they have in their schools are the same as here in the U.S.

- Gabby - Bolivia

• Spanish is the official language in Bolivia.
• "Humpty Dumpty" is one of their famous nursery rhymes.
• Kids in Bolivia don't play many games but when they do they are based on education.
• Their government is a republic.
• Most people eat meat and poultry.

- Abby - Madagascar

• They speak some French and English there along with their native language.
• Poetry is very commonly used there.
• Kids there usually play board games and forms of tag for entertainment.
• Their government is a republic.
• They celebrate Christmas and Easter there.

- Chase - Venezuela

• Spanish is the main language they speak there.
• Some traditional toys include marbles.
• Their government is a federal republic.
• April 19th is Independence Day for them.
• You have to go to school from ages six to fifteen.

- Kelsea - El Salvador

• Most children's stories are bilingual.
• People there currently speak Spanish.
• Traditional food is typically made of corn.
• They celebrate Christmas and New Years.
• The children in El Salvador drink coffee.